The Non Delegation Doctrine ( Administrative Law )

To start off, one must explain what a full Democracy entails. The Greek word meaning demo means citizen while kratos means ruled, therefore, the full meaning of democracy is ruled by the citizen(s). With that being said, a complete democracy would entail citizens directly voting on every piece of legislation. When citizens can partly vote of legislation and/or they vote in representatives to represent their interest, it is no longer a pure democracy but rather a democratic republic. A bureaucracy is not consistent with a democratic republic in one regard: the citizen did not vote to elect him/her into employment within the government. On the contrary, the citizens did have a right to vote the representatives that chose to delegate tasks to an agency, which brings me to my next point: the Non-Delegation Doctrine (Administrative Law book). The Non-Delegation Doctrine is a strict ideological belief system that entails that elected officials cannot delegate powers to non-elected official s, thereby making the creation any sort of bureaucratic agency not possible. In a 1928 Supreme Court case named â€Å"J. W. Hampton, Jr. Co. v. United States† (Administrative Law book)†. The Supreme Court decided that elected officials cannot delegate power to an unelected source unless they provide an intelligible principle to regulate by. Even with the Supreme Court upholding the characteristics of the decision of the 1928 Supreme Court case, in an absolute, pure Democracy, a bureaucratic agencyShow MoreRelatedAn Article II Decision Making Power Non Delegation Guideline1083 Words   |  5 PagesDelegation†¦. Having the knowledge to know how to delegate efficiently is the key to advantaging yourself and increasing your importance to any company. 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Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------Read MoreAdministrative Law is the by-product of constitutional law5683 Words   |  23 PagesINTRODUCTION Administrative law is the most growing phenomenon in the field of state welfare for today . It has become very necessary in the developed society as the relationship between the administrative authority and the people have become very complex . In order to regulate these relations, there is a need of law which will provide a certainty and a check to the misuse of power by the administrative authority . The requirement of such law is fulfilled by the administrative law. So basicallyRead MorePrinciples of Taxation in Nigeria14253 Words   |  58 Pagestax, i.e. the process or means by which the sovereign, through its law-making body, raises income to defray the necessary expenses of government. 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As I Was Scrolling Through My Facebook Feed, Ignoring...

As I was scrolling through my Facebook feed, ignoring political posts from family and searching for funny dog videos, something caught my eye. It was a video of students reading their college acceptance letters, I clicked on the video thinking it would put a smile on my face and give me hope for the new generation. I was proved wrong, due to a powerful twist in the video. In the college acceptance letter, the students read about the 1 in 5 chance that they would be raped in college, and how their university would do nothing about it (Facts about Sexual Violence). This did not put a smile on my face, because it brought my attention to a grueling issue of rape on college campuses. Rape on college campuses needs to be taken seriously†¦show more content†¦When breaking the honor code, â€Å"Abstain from alcoholic beverages, tobacco, tea, coffee, and substance abuse,† is considered important or even sacred then raping someone, then it is not considered a serious issue on a Mormon campus (University Policies ). The justice system did not fail Madi Barney, but her university failed to serve her and provide support. These are only two example of injustice to rape victims due to rape not being taken seriously by colleges and the justice system. The lack of awareness of sexual assault is caused by fear of colleges and rape victims, because rape on college campuses is not taken seriously by colleges or the justice system. In an article written by Tyler Kingkade, he explains colleges fear a drop in applications when they report a rape, â€Å"Dartmouth revealed in February 2014 that it had seen a 14 percent drop in applications, which many people attributed to protests over harassment, sexual assault and hazing on campus, Ivy League competitor Harvard University saw a 2.1 percent drop in applicants over the same period† (Kingkade). Colleges have noticed if they do not report rape, hazing or protests over either issue will not affect their application rates. As these universities are trying to protect their reputation, they take making more money more important than students

Organisation Using Action Research Model for Malaysia Airlines

Question: Discuss about theOrganisation Using Action Research Model for Malaysia Airlines. Answer: Introduction It is necessary to resolve an identified problem in an organisation. This is important because the problem might also be a critical one. Having problem in an organisation is much better than leaving that unidentified. Such issues might potentially damage the operation and the reputation as well (Saaty Vargas, 2012). In this assignment, the example of Malaysia Airlines is taken to understand the concept of action research model in repairing an issue. The chosen link is on a plane crash that happened in the year 2014 (Diehl, 2017). The main purpose of this assignment is to analyse the issue such as plane crash in Malaysia Airlines and the relevant action from the company in the governance of action research model. Identified issue After another incident of plane crash such as of a flight MH17 has shaken the problem investigation department. In earlier accident cases of few other different flights of Malaysia Airlines before, the necessity to have a globalised organisation that investigates independently the accident cases. Human errors were identified as an underlying cause behind the crash. Crew Resource Management (CRM), which is internationally identified, had believed to provide a significant relief from such cases. However, it somehow did not happen in this case. It was indeed not cared by some airline companies. Another issue was identified was the presence of an investigation body, which would operate globally and independently to investigate such accidents to find out the exact causes. Moreover, such program will help in identifying the issue, which is necessary to get any solution from the management of the respective company (Diehl, 2017). Changes made in the influence of action research model The incident and similar like such more accidents in the past has raised several questions on the governing body of the Malaysia Airlines (Ancel Shih, 2012). To mitigate the issue, the management has realised the importance of certifying the pilots under the certification course Crew Resource Management (CRM) (Hnsel et al., 2012). It was earlier not realised. Nevertheless, the training course is designed in such a way that it educates the pilots on the different human errors that may arise. There has been similar such accidents in past in the Malaysia Airlines. The company has identified the importance of conducting research to know the reasons behind the cause. This is for such reason it was felt that there should be an investigation body that investigate the entire matter with utmost use of technology and independently as well (Steven, Dong Dresner, 2012). The identified need requires an independent and highly competent operation, so as to find the exact cause behind the rising n umber of accidents. This is never possible with national based investigation body. However, there is a problem as such that it will be complicated to decide the appropriate body of investigation as there are both the country of occurrence and the country of manufacture. There lies the confusion. This will be confusing that whom to look for detecting the cause of accidents. Additionally, one of such countries might have their shortcomings in technology, which might deter them from finding accurate causes behind the accidents (Hussain, Al Nasser Hussain, 2015). This is because of all such reasons there is a requirement to have a United Nations Transportation Safety Board. It will really be challenging to rely on a national body. The united organisations body will take care of the existing organisations such as Malaysia Airlines. The management has shown its utmost inclination towards the urgency (Lin, 2012). The organisation has analysed the importance of action research model, which is why it has given importance to research works on the different accidents that the Malaysia Airlines had in past (Tripp, 2005). The company had first researched the reasons behind the accidents. This has helped the management team reach to a conclusion after conducting an extensive research on the probable causes behind the accident. After getting few probable reasons, they have cross checked those with the established reasons behind some other accident cases in past. A cross check study helped them to reach to a single cause, which is the human error. Human error has been identified as the actual cause behind many airline accidents. The action research model has helped to research on the causes. Moreover, the model has supplied the desired results. They have also analysed the importance to collaborate with the United Nations Transportation Safety Board. This will actually help them in getting helps on any accident if it happens in the coming future (Puah, Liew Arip, 2012). Conclusion and recommendation The tragedy as such of Malaysia Flight crash needs to be monitored with utmost technology and infrastructure supports. The air plane crash is always very susceptible to happen. Ever since the inception of airplane, things have not changed. However, the study has shown that the Malaysia Airlines has identified the probable reason behind the accident. The probable reason was the human error. The reason can well be diminished with the help of Crew Resource Management (CRM) training given to the pilots. Additionally, the paper has also identified that there is a need of a centralised investigation governing body, which is well equipped with technology and is operating independently. This is for such reason United Nations Transportation Safety Board came into existence. This is also because the nationalised body might not be technically equipped. Henceforth, they will succumb to flaws in their operation. Moreover, the country of manufacture and the country of occurrence might not be compe tent enough to handle the complexity. However, there should be an infrastructure development in every country in order to respond to the criticality in real time. Recommendation will be for improving the infrastructure capability of Malaysia Airlines. This will help them control the rising cases of accidents. This is because it will provide the country to have its own investigation set up. This is immensely required in order to get into the root causes of accidents and reduce the casualties. The facility development is extremely required to gradually improve in controlling the accident cases. References Ancel, E., Shih, A. T. (2012). The analysis of the contribution of human factors to the in-flight loss of control accidents. Diehl, A. (2017).Malaysia Airlines tragedy proves we need international investigative body. [online] PBS NewsHour. Available at: https://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/malaysian-airlines-tragedy-produce-global-safety-changes/ [Accessed 17 Oct. 2017]. Hnsel, M., Winkelmann, A. M., Hardt, F., Gijselaers, W., Hacker, W., Stiehl, M., ... Mller, M. P. (2012). Impact of simulator training and crew resource management training on final-year medical students' performance in sepsis resuscitation: a randomized trial.Minerva anestesiologica,78(8), 901. Hussain, R., Al Nasser, A., Hussain, Y. K. (2015). Service quality and customer satisfaction of a UAE-based airline: An empirical investigation.Journal of Air Transport Management,42, 167-175. Lin, W. C. (2012). Financial performance and customer service: An examination using activity-based costing of 38 international airlines.Journal of Air Transport Management,19, 13-15. Puah, C. H., Liew, S. L., Arip, M. A. (2012). Determinants of Capital Flight in Malaysia.Journal of International Finance and Economics,12(3), 5-10. Saaty, T. L., Vargas, L. G. (2012). How to make a decision. InModels, methods, concepts applications of the analytic hierarchy process(pp. 1-21). Springer US. Steven, A. B., Dong, Y., Dresner, M. (2012). Linkages between customer service, customer satisfaction and performance in the airline industry: Investigation of non-linearities and moderating effects.Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review,48(4), 743-754. Tripp, D. (2005).Action research: a methodological introduction.Education and research,31(3).

The Politics of International Economic Relations Essay Example Essay Example

The Politics of International Economic Relations Essay Example Paper The Politics of International Economic Relations Essay Introduction The Politics of International Economic Relations The purpose of the essay is to draw out the conceptual differences of Liberalism, Realism and Marxism. Each author stands for different approach among the three readings. Deundey and Ikenberry are liberals, Gilpin researches for Realism, David Harvey is a typical scholar of Marxism. The perspectives of three authors overlap on three issues but have different view on them. The first issue is what are the main actors involved in economic relations according to liberals, realists and Marxists approaches. The second one is how do three approaches define the nature of hegemony in the articles differently. Finally, what do liberals, realists and Marxists think about the role of state power. At the end of the essay, there will be a conclusion. What are the main actors involved in economic relations according to liberals, realists and Marxists approaches? Liberalism is a kind of ideology, philosophy, with freedom thought. The characteristics o f liberalism which are pursuit of development, believe that human good nature, and support personal autonomy, in addition also claims to relax and exempt from dictatorship to individual control (Will, 2012). The Politics of International Economic Relations Essay Body Paragraphs For the liberal economic relations, Deundey and Ikenberry thought the most important factors are hegemonic powers and free trade. Due to realists think hegemonic powers help to set and improve rules, lots of states and companies get rich interests from absorb exports, wield incentives and exchange currency, these states and companies more likely to keep opening their domestic market (Deundey Ikenberry, 1999). Liberal states use free trade to change or keep their favourable cooperative partners politically and strategically. Furthermore, liberalism use government power to protect individual freedom thought of social and legal restrictions, ensuring the concept of free trade, encourage developing private firms, transparent political system to guarantee the rights of every citizen (Will, 2012). Robert Gilpin pointed out main actors of neo-liberalism including leadership, international cooperation and ideological consensus, which are regime theory (Gilpin, 2001). For instance, the preva iled as the norm for market transition in former communist countries, and established regional rade agreements increasingly, such as EU, NAFTA and APEC. International relations realism is a kind of theory and practice, it pays attention to the balance of political power and economy force in the national state (Gilpin, 2001). Markets and the policies of nation states determine the realism economic relations. For example, China is one of the largest markets for consumption in the world. Lots of international firms attempt to develop Chinese market. However, these firms need to consider about Chinese government, because the government set rules the firms have to follow. Therefore, the economic relations are influenced by states, anarchy, multinational corporations, NGOs, international firms try to make affect on the nature of regimes. Marxism is a critical analyse of international political economy, it focuses on class and class struggle, and the nature of capitalism, a typical example of historical materialism. For the Marxism economic relations, The New Imperialism showed that both the territorial and capitalist logics of power, the inner and outer relations of capitalist state are the main actors in economic relations (Harvey, 2003). Actually it is an intersection of economic and geopolitical competition. How do three approaches define the nature of hegemony in the articles differently? Hegemony refers to a state with its great advantages of political, military and economic in the world or the individual area control foreign sovereignty to seek for dominant powers (Deundey Ikenberry, 1999). Liberal theorists emphasis on the transnational relations when a liberal state is hegemonic. Due to the openness of liberal state and the transnational relations could build a long-term and stable political system if within the hegemonic system. A realist named Eichengreen’s point is that hegemony with coercion and unfair of other states. However, Eichengreen though t hegemony aims to encourage international cooperation in different kinds of international affairs (Gilpin, 2001). Such as US focuses on promoting a breadth, open and interdependent international economy, such international public merchandise as free trade and monetary stability needs a strong leadership and dominant power (Gilpin, 2001). Therefore, realists define the nature of hegemony that could be a positive factor to strength the liberal international economy. The nature of hegemony in the Marxism could be defined as over neo-liberalism result in Imperialism, and it built commodity and capital markets (Harvey, 2003). After then the hegemony was born. A typical example of hegemony is US, which is based on high technology, strong economy and military power to maximize its safety and profits on a global scale (Harvey, 2003). US through such diplomatic negotiation, economic sanctions and military intervention to achieve goals. Bring together,US hegemony is form of international mon opoly capitalism under the condition of economic globalization, it reflects the relations of the sum of capitalist production. What do liberals, realists and Marxists think about the role of state power? In the readings, states play different roles and have different functions. Liberal openings of countries do not based on political liberalism, but the key powers still retained by the state. After World War 2, Germany and Japan, the two of the typical states of western system have transformed into semi-sovereign and partial great powers. The features of the two states are strong self-imposed constitutional constraints and the integration of German and Japan in wider political, security and economic institutions (Deundey Ikenberry, 1999). They through sufficient capacity kept from war to secure themselves but also to impact on other smaller states next to them and to make an influence on whole system. Such like they got the recognitions from Western system, and play more and more im portant roles in the international affairs. Whereas, realists think that state power could get the trustable and dependable from markets and companies, because the stability of markets is affected by active role of states and states co-operation. For example, individual states want to decrease the reliant on other states, they will use a term of trade protection policy and industrial policies to achieve their goals, even through right of complaint to the World Trade Organization (WTO)(Gilpin, 2001). If an individual state want to increase the dependence of others, the individual state could apply on such policies as foreign aid and trade concession (Gilpin, 2001). At the same time, states could provide legitimacy for markets and companies in different kinds international governance. Lastly the international law also has been established by states. To protect states’ own values and interests, states will manipulate market forces to increase their power and compete with other s tates or to favour friendly states through different terms of political instruments. Harvey’s basic point is that the capitalist system in order to ensure that its expansion and shrinks space. Capitalists prefer to make investment in which can produce the most profit, to maximum self-interest. However, the kind of profit maximization would lead to geographical expansion. Geographic expansion refers to seek out new markets. Harvey points out capital are naturally going to the place, which is high profit and low cost. In the real world, developed states’ capital has went to underdeveloped area and developing states, because underdeveloped area and developing states are huge market (Harvey, 2003). After then globalization has become the best excuse to develop new market. Therefore, states play the important role to expanse the new market geographically. Strong states have forced underdeveloped area and developing states to open their market through international strategic cooperative and sectarian warfare. Conclusion Generally speaking, the main actors involved in economic relations according to liberals are leadership, international cooperation and ideological consensus. Realists think markets and the policies of nation states will influence the economic relations. However marxists point out that both the territorial and capitalist logics of power, the inner and outer relations of capitalist state are the main actors to affect economic relations. After then for the nature of hegemony, liberalists think openness of state and their transnational relations is the nature of hegemony. Whereas, realists note that hegemony is a positive factor to strength the liberal international economy. In the contrast, hegemony is regarded as a form of international monopoly capitalism under the condition of economic globalization. Finally, liberals found states power that help German and Japan to keep strong self-imposed constitutional constraints, get involved in wi der political, security and economic institutions. Realists analyse role of states power that could provide legitimacy for markets and companies in different kinds international governance. Marxism think states power play an important role to expanse the new market geographically. Reference List Gilpin, R. (2001) Global Political Economy Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. 15-24, 77-102 196-233. Harvey, D. (2003) The New Imperialism Oxford: Oxford University, pp. 187-215. Deundey, D. Ikenberry, J. (1999) ‘The Nature and Source of Liberal International Order,’ Review of International Studies, 25(2), pp179-196. Will, G. (2012) ‘Liberalism, as we know it,’ The Washington Post http://www. washingtonpost. com/opinions/george-f-will-liberalism-as-we-know-it/2012/08/31/bd002fd4-f38a-11e1-adc6-87dfa8eff430_story. html, accessed in 29th November, 2012 We will write a custom essay sample on The Politics of International Economic Relations Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Politics of International Economic Relations Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Politics of International Economic Relations Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer